If few years ago we did not have much to say about RAM because most systems are equipped with SDRAM from 66MHz to 133MHz, in the short time back here, there have been many races New memory types like DDR SDRAM, Rambus RDRAM, DDR-II SDRAM ... make users 'eye flower' when choosing.
Over the years, users have witnessed the rapid change of desktop systems. The two major CPUs of Intel and AMD are constantly changing not only in speed (from a few hundred MHz to the GHz), but also in communication (Intel: Socket 370/423/478/775, AMD: Slot A, Socket 462-A / 754/940/939 ...) and, of course, they involve motherboard changes and other components. One of the most affected components is system memory (RAM). This article will help you better understand the concepts of computer RAM with some other useful information. However, we will focus on DDR2 and DDR2 memory as they are currently dominant in the market. SDRAM is too old and RDRAM is too expensive to use in some early Pentium 4s.
1. BASIC CONCEPTS ON RAM
NAME
Nowadays many people are confused about how to name the RAM types. If RDRAM has nothing to say with the SDRAM line, the confusion is growing. The concept of RAM (Random Access Memory) is probably well known. DRAM or SDRAM is a broader concept (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory). Initially and even now when it comes to SDRAM people often think of the old RAM at 100MHz or 133MHz; However, since the DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) was born, this concept is completely wrong. Take a look at some component quotes, and you'll see that companies have made a great contribution to misleading users. SDRAM is the generic name for a line of computer memory, which is divided into SDR (Single Data Rate) and DDR (Double Data Rate). So if called correctly, we have two types of RAM: SDR SDRAM and DDR SDRAM. The structure of these two RAMs is quite similar, but DDR is capable of transmitting data at both the up and down points of the signal so the speed is twice as fast. The new DDR-II DDR-II based DDR-II platform is emerging at a higher speed thanks to improved design.
SPEED
This is probably the most user-interested concept, but one wonders how to name, for DDR there are two ways of calling at MHz or bandwidth. For example, when it says DDR333, that RAM bar defaults to 333MHz, but the PC2700 is talking about RAM bandwidth, that is when running at 333MHz it will reach the bandwidth of 2700MB / s ( on theory). In the same way, we have the following table:
Usually in Vietnam use the RAM type 333 and 400 bus, the type with higher bus usually appear in the high class as Kingston HyperX, Corsair, Mushkin LV but in general quite rare.
LIGHT (LATENCY)
CAS Latency is the concept that users ask most questions. Previously, when buying RAM, buyers are usually only interested in operating speeds such as 100MHz or 133MHz but recently, the CAS concept is gradually being noticed by users as it plays an important role in processing speed overall system; especially in overclocking. What is CAS?
CAS stands for 'Column Address Strobe'. A DRAM is considered a matrix of memory cells (you can visualize it as an excel spreadsheet with multiple cells) and of course each cell will have coordinates (horizontal, vertical). So you can immediately guess the RAS (Row Adress Strobe) concept is the address, but because the principle of DRAM operation is to transmit data to the leg, RAS is not as important as CAS.
The concept of latency denotes the time you have to wait before getting what you need. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, latency means 'the time from the time when the order is given to receiving the response.' How will CAS work? What does CAS Latency mean?
To understand this concept, we will speed through the way memory works, first the chipset will access the horizontal row (ROW) of the memory matrix by passing the address to the memory footprint (RAM foot) and then activate the RAS signal. We will have to wait for some system clock (RAS to CAS Delay) before the column address is put into memory and the CAS signal emitted. After the CAS signal is sent, we continue to wait for a while (this is CAS Latency), the data will be found. That also means that for CAS 2, the chipset has to wait for two clock cycles before the data is retrieved and with CAS3, the timeout will be three clock cycles.
You will wonder how CAS2 is 33% faster than CAS3, not so much because so many factors affect overall memory performance such as:
Information Processing Chains: RAS enabled, RAS-to-CAS Delay, and CAS Latency.
Memory Chain Access: Sometimes the chipset reads data in burst memory, so much data is transferred once and the CAS signal is only triggered once at the beginning of the sequence.
The processor has a fairly large buffer that contains multiple access and data commands; so the information is searched on the buffer before accessing the RAM and the data frequency needed to be found on the hit-rate is quite high (about 95%).
In short, switching from CAS 3 to CAS 2 will increase the processing power for all applications. Programs that rely on memory like games or graphics applications will run faster. This means that the CAS2-encoded memory sticks are definitely faster than the CAS3's. If you plan to buy a game for an overclock race or simply get the optimal system speed, choose CAS2 RAM, but if it's just an office job, CAS 3 is perfectly still in demand.
FREEDOM FREEDOM
Usually when it comes to the concept of refresh rate, people often think of computer monitors, but DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) memory also has this concept. As you know, DRAM modules are made up of many electronic cells, each of which must be recharged thousands of times per second, otherwise the data contained in them will be lost. Some types of DRAMs have the ability to self-update data independently of the processor used in mobile devices to save power.
SDRAM ACCESS TIME
The introduction of Burst Mode has helped to overcome many of the disadvantages and increase the performance of the RAM, the cycle of the chain is much shorter than the page cycle of the old type. The chain period is also referred to as the clock cycle of the SDRAM and therefore is considered as a scale for the speed of the RAM because it is the time interval between data requests in the sequence of RAM. . Numbers -12, -10, -8 ... written on RAM chips indicate the minimum interval between each data access: The -12 flag specifies the data access period of the RAM is 12ns ( nano-seconds) means that the maximum operating speed of the RAM will be 83MHz. High-speed RAM will use low-access RAM chips, but with low clock cycles, it's unlikely RAM will be able to operate at high speeds as it depends on many other factors. So sometimes you will encounter cases of low speed RAM but when put in 'over fire' overclocked up to a much higher speed than the default RAM labeled high speed. If you would like more information, you can visit http://www.dewassoc.com/performance/memory/memory_speeds.htm.
2. TRY RAM TYPE
When buying or assembling a computer, choosing the right type of RAM is quite important but few people notice. Every system that uses Intel or AMD CPUs will prefer a different type of RAM, in addition to the choice of RAM depending on the chipset and the needs of the user. Usually, Intel Pentium 4 and Athlon 64 CPUs require high-speed (400MHz bus) RAM or higher due to the large FSB of the CPU allowing for wide bandwidth. If the RAM does not meet that bandwidth, it will be a bottleneck, and the application will be slow. If you do not consider overclocking, usually when buying RAM for the computer, you buy the following:
DDR SDRAM
As mentioned above, this is the most popular and popular RAM for all desktops at the time you read this article.
A. FOR INTEL CPU
Intel Pentium 4-C / E / G / J Front Side Bus (FSB) 800MHz: These CPUs have a very big FSB, so if you use the latest 865/875 or 915/925 motherboards, you will achieve High performance when installing Dual Channel DDR. In principle, Dual Channel DDR is very similar to the RAID mode of a hard disk, with 100MB of data transferred to RAM, instead of a 100MB of RAM, the chipset will transfer at the same time to each of the 50MB of RAM. it's only half way down. And so the two DDR bus busses of 400 will give theoretical bandwidth up to 800MHz, corresponding to the CPU bus. That said, if you are using a CPU with an 800 bus, buying the same two DDR bus busses is the ideal choice. Note that the two RAM slots should be the same speed and type of memory chips used, especially if you run on the i875P chipset because this chipset is quite 'hard', otherwise the PAT feature is likely to be. is not enabled and reduces system performance.
Intel Celeron / Pentium4 400MHz / 533MHz bus: Although the CPUs are high in the bus, they are usually of the older or lower-end models, so they are usually paired with the 845 chipset and the 845PE chipset. The most officially supported is just 333MHz. So if you mount the DDR400 RAM it will not be economical. So unless you use a motherboard with an 845PE chipset, otherwise you should choose the 266MHz bus type RAM and save extra money for a full system upgrade later.
B. FOR AMD
If AMD's CPUs are not popular in Vietnam due to the distribution and warranty, now that Silicom has become the official distributor for AMD, users will be completely safe. Use this microprocessor. On the other hand, more and more motherboard and accessories (cooling fans, socket mounts, etc.) are available on the market for AMD CPUs. Sadly, AMD's previous product was the low-cost, high-performance, and now the motto is no longer the case because AMD's high-end CPUs are too expensive. outperforms Intel. AMD users, however, should be aware that AMD (especially AthlonXP) will deliver the best performance when running in parallel with FSB (low speed) and low CAS latency (ideally 2). Choosing the right RAM is very important.
+ Duron / Athlon XP / Sempron Bus 266MHz: If you are using these CPUs, of course the ideal choice is DDR 266MHz. Usually because of low bus you can find many types of RAM with CAS2, please pay attention to this detail and choose the right one.
+ AthlonXP bus 333 / 400MHz: With these two CPUs, selecting RAM depends on the motherboard chipset you use. Often, with the popular VIA chipset number 333 or below, such as KT333, KT266, KM266 ... you should use 333MHz RAM.
Why not buy 400MHz bus RAM? The reason is simple, finding a 266 or 333 bus bus with a lower CAS is much simpler than finding a 400MHz CAS2 RAM. For chipsets like the KT400, KT600, or especially the nVIDIA nForce 2, you should buy the DDR400. In addition to supporting these speeds, most AMD AthlonXP Barton CPUs can run well on the 400MHz bus, They are only 333MHz. But remember to choose carefully before buying because in the market today there are many types of DDR400 RAM with different origin. For details on choosing the RAM you can refer to the article 'Overclocking - Good, Lost and Need to Know' (World Computer A-9/2003). Note nForce2 supports 400MHz Dual Channel DDR.
Athlon 64: Almost all Athlon64 systems require at least 400MHz of RAM. New Socket939 systems support Dual Channel, so make sure you choose the right one.
DDR-II
Although DDR-II has been around for a long time, DDR-II does not seem to make a good impression on the user. Half the frequency of I / O buffers and this means that the data buffer runs at twice the core speed. Typically, if the RAM is 100MHz, the data buffer also runs at 100MHz, but with DDR, this speed is 200MHz. In DDR-II, data buffers running at 200MHz still have 100MHz of RAM, which allows them to process 4 bits of data at a single clock speed, so when using the DDR principle We will get real data up to 400MHz with only 100MHz of RAM. To put it simply:
With DDR1: Real Pulse 100MHz - & gt; 100MHz data buffer - & gt; 200MHz data rate (DDR).
With DDR2: 100MHz pulse real - & gt; 200MHz data buffer - & gt; 400MHz data rate (DDR).
Thus, the DDR-II CAS latency will be different from the current DDR-I and will generally be set at 4 or 5. At present in the domestic market there are not many DDR- II due to the demand of users is not high that rare products, expensive price. Also, if you want to use DDR-II for your desktop, you have no choice in the Vietnamese market except for motherboards with the Intel 915 and 925 chipsets, which will bring many upgrades. Other such as Socket 775 CPU and PCI-Express graphics card. However, the speed of DDR-II at the present time has not proved the competitiveness compared to traditional DDR is not much user interest. You can find a few products from Samsung, Kingston or KingMax in many stores nationwide if needed.
3. EXPERIENCE
Surely you also realize that the choice at the present time is almost limited to DDR RAM type by DDR-II and RDRAM almost unpopular. Most DDRs that are being sold at computer component stores are capable of running smoothly on all systems. However, to get good RAM, high performance at the same time you still want to 'naughty' overclocked will have to take a bit of effort. The most popular is the DDR400 or PC3200 with dozens of different types and prices vary from a few dollars to several tens of dollars! For convenience, we will classify them into two types: 'popular' and 'high'. Common types of RAM are not included in the box, but include RAM, some of the lines of the Corsair or Kingston are more plastic containers are very polite and specify Value RAM. Value RAM is generally not uniform quality and depends heavily on the chipset used by the manufacturer, each batch of quality is very different so the purchase of good or bad products are mostly thanks to luck . For example, the Kingston Value RAM PC3200 has a CAS 2.5 RAM, with CAS 3; Adata PC3200 with plastic cover at the beginning is considered despicable but later was praised and strong purchasing power leads to rare. So what is the secret? Often when buying low-end RAM, you can easily see the markings on the RAM chip and the good quality RAM chips usually use the memory chips of famous brands such as Winbond, Samsung, Hynix, Huyndai, Kingston, Kingmax ... pay attention to choose 8 chips if possible. Also you can check the Access Time parameters through the code written on the RAM chip eg with a normal Elixir bar coded as N2DS25680BT-5T then -5 is the parameter you need to find, from which to infer The speed of this RAM bar is about 400MHz or higher. The last thing you check is the circuit's quality and the fineness of the printed circuit, try flexing the RAM bar to check its durability, some RAMs have badly clamped circuit boards and emit noise. When bending slightly bent will be more susceptible than the other bars.
With high-level RAM, the choice is much more difficult as the enclosures and RAM modules themselves are well protected (see the picture below). Removing the packaging to see the inside is not possible, you can only identify the quality of the RAM through the product code and production date, generally the product line is quite good quality. Most of the users even if you want to overclock, except for a few of the 'monster' with a complete 'fit' gear for overlocking has a higher requirement. High-speed high-speed RAMs that are prominent in the Vietnamese market at present can be described as:
Kingston HyperX: At 400MHz up to 500MHz and distributed through a reseller, users can be assured of high performance, but HyperX's CAS ratio is not as popular among AMD users. Some of the previous HyperX series were based on the Winbond BH-5 chipset, which was constantly hunted by overlockers.
+ Adata Vitesta: The speed from 500MHz to 600MHz, the price is quite cheap, in a test bar Atada Vitesta can randomly run CAS 2.5 (default manufacturer of 3) in the bus 500MHz (dual channel mode Dual Channel) stability.
+ Mushkin Level 2 Black Cover: Speeds from 400MHz to 466MHz. This is the kind of RAM that is highly appreciated by computer enthusiasts for high speed and low CAS, especially the latest line using Samsung TCCD memory chip for better results and even better. Even beyond the BH-5 line before. The TCCD memory chips are also used for the 600 MHz (PC4800) default bus series.
Corsair: After a long absence, Corsair is slowly regaining its legacy with the latest high-end X2 C2PT RAM (revision 4.1), using the TCCD chipset, in most of the VOZ forums. All chips using the TCCD chipset can easily pass the 550MHz bus even with a CAS rating of 2.5. In addition, the company also provides RAM 2 with the Data Indicator flickering light work quite beautiful. However, you should note that, according to many users, the high-end Corsair's RAM products are of unequal quality.
Gskill: This is a new name for domestic users, but its launch with the DDR600 (TCCD memory chip) line really impresses. However, the volume of goods is not much and the purchase is very difficult.
Also, manufacturers like OCZ or Geil have many high-end products that you can buy, but are often rare because there are no official distributors in the country.
3. Adjust the BIOS for compatibility
A. SPEED
To optimize RAM performance, you only have to use the BIOS of the computer, press Del when booting to enter the BIOS. RAM parameters are usually divided into CPU Voltage / Frequency (some manufacturers put them into separate groups such as Soft Menu (Abit), Genie Bios (DFI). In this section, each vendor has a different arrangement but based on a general principle that the speed of RAM is proportional to the FSB of the CPU in a certain coefficient. Direct RAM helps users do not spend time calculating and Abit chose to use scaling, you will have to multiply and divide to get the speed results but this will help you have more knowledge and understanding. The speed of RAM is calculated by the ratio of CPU / DRAM, for example, when the CPU has an external bus of 200MHz (at 800MHz bus CPUs) and the ratio is 1: 1, then the RAM When running at 200MHz (200MHz), 4MHz (320MHz DDR) is required.
Other RAM parameters such as CAS Latency, RAS-to-CAS Delay, etc. are all included in a generic group called Advance Chipset Configuration. You may experience dizziness, but the most important parameter is DRAM Timing, which consists of four major parameters, CAS Latency, Actual Pre-Delay, Ras Delay, and Ras Precharge. If you encounter the RAM parameters like 2-2-2-5 or 2-3-3-7 then that is the four parameters are arranged in such order. The meaning of the remaining parameters can be refer to the instruction manual of each motherboard.
B. INTRODUCTION:
Also in the above picture, you can see there is an index of voltage supply for RAM (DRAM Voltage). Typically, DDR uses 2.5v and 1.8v DDR-II. Some types of high speed DDR RAM may require up to 2.8v or 2.85v, for which you must consult the accompanying documentation for information. However, you need to follow a safety principle: Do not pull the voltage up to 2.9v without a good thermal solution because the RAM may be burnt or bloated IC after a period of use. For cheap motherboards, you will not be able to adjust the voltage of the RAM, but can only change the speed. In this case you can use some dedicated toys like OCZ's DDR Booster. According to user statistics, Samsung's RAM chips are the most resistant to power and overclock to acceptable speeds, while Winbond's chips can run at high speeds even with power. the default or slightly longer. The voltage of the RAM even affects the timing so if the RAM you bought does not run at low timing (eg 2) then you can try to push the voltage up a bit.
Once you have all the hardware solutions, the most important thing about choosing RAM is high performance and stability, you will need specialized software to test your speed and performance for a long time. Long ram of whether running at default speed or overclocking. The two most popular programs are Sisoft Sandra 2005 (http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/) and Passmark Burn-in Test (http://www.passmark.com). These two programs have the ability to test the bandwidth of the RAM together with testing the maximum 'internal force' of the RAM to detect errors if any. If your RAM achieves 8 to 10 hours of testing time and acceptable speed, then you are lucky, otherwise check all the devices or contact the seller to change the other. .
In summary, choosing the right type of RAM for your computer configuration and your workflow is important. Purchasing RAM from the manufacturers will certainly guarantee you quality and warranty. Although most of the RAM on the market at the moment is a 3-year warranty, it will be a nuisance if the RAM fails and you have to run back and forth to contact the seller; Not to mention the flickering RAM can give your important data leave no goodbye in just a second. In general, if you are a computer for the office, you can buy generic RAMs to save money, of course, be careful. If you are a 'playboy' overlock or have frequent high-speed gaming or simply want to make your PC look 'better' then you can glide through the high end product line. Remember to check your wallet first! Their prices are certainly not cheap at all. For more information and answers to your questions, you can visit the Vietnam Overclocker Zone at.
www.vozforums.com
Nguyen Thuc Hoang Linh
Email: valkyrie.lenneth@usa.com
The toys are indispensable
You can see very clearly that the speed of RAM and the use of higher and higher. At first we had DDR200 / 2.5v but now we have DDR500 / 2.8v (even 2.85v for some types) or DDR2-667 / 1.8v. These two factors have contributed to the increasing temperature of the RAM, which is why high-end RAMs often have exposed steel foils on the outside; In addition to protection, it also contributes to heat dissipation. However, if you buy a regular type of RAM with good speed and high overclocking capabilities, you can refer to the third-party RAM cooler solutions such as CoolerMaster's RAM heatsink ( see picture).
If you are financially constrained, you can custom-design the heat sink as shown in the figure with a large CPU cooler and an iron hedge trimmer. If you are skilled, you will have beautiful products that do not lose anything brand. Some manufacturers choose simpler solutions by making the same heat dissipation panels of materials with materials such as heat conductors or copper but they are not very effective.
Another toy that is also popular among overclockers is OCZ's DDR Booster, but it is quite dangerous and you should only use it if you have a computer experience. DDR Booster is not a RAM, although it looks a bit like when you first saw it. However, it is very close to the RAM due to the ability to interfere with the power supply to the RAM, so with DDR Booster, you can adjust the power consumption for RAM accurately with the meter attached. .
The use is very simple, you just plug in the empty RAM slot and then turn the potentiometer while monitoring the clock properly because if the temperature is too high, RAM may burn. Maybe DDR Booster is pretty scary but the performance it brings can not be neglected. In the past, you needed a welding torch and an electronics grade. If you want to manually adjust the power of your RAM, with DDR Booster, the thing to do is simply plug and turn. Can you imagine the very usual normal retail sticks that run at a store that can run at nearly twice the speed or at least as good as genuine RAM? The answer is yes, of course, with DDR Booster and reasonable thermal solutions.
Steps to upgrade memory
When you notice a slow computer, you may think of upgrading your graphics card, processor, or motherboard. But do you know that in many situations, upgrading RAM significantly improves PC performance and costs are cheap?
DETERMINATION OF LIVING
Memory capacity depends on the operating system and application. Windows XP requires at least 64MB of RAM but 128MB is recommended. Windows Me requires a minimum of 32MB, while Windows 98 requires only 16MB. If you install Office XP on Windows XP, you need at least 128MB of RAM. To run applications like Word, Excel and Power Point at the same time, you need at least 152MB. In general, you should be equipped with 256MB of RAM when using the WinXP system. If for gaming, graphic design, movie processing, you should have 512MB of RAM; as much as possible but also depends on the support of the motherboard.
DETERMINATION OF MEMORY TYPE
There are 3 common memory technologies: SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM and RDRAM. You need to determine the type of memory based on the motherboard's documentation.
SDRAM: Common in Pentium, Pentium III, and Pentium III systems, SDRAMs come in three flavors: PC66, PC100 and PC133; corresponding to working frequencies of 66MHz, 100MHz and 133 MHz.
DDR SDRAM: Common in Pentium IV or AMD systems. Like the SDRAM, DDR SDRAM also has a variety of speeds, such as the PC2100, PC2700, PC3200, PC3500 and PC3700 (respectively, 266MHz, 333MHz, 400MHz, 433MHz, and 466MHz)
RDRAM: The most reliable memory technology, RDRAM is used for advanced Xeon and Pentium IV systems. The price is not so popular as the two types of RAM.
COMPATIBILITY
Do not hurry to choose fast speed RAM because it is not suitable for your computer that should choose the type of memory parameters like the current memory on the system. Buying a 466MHz DDR-SDRAM PC3700 while the motherboard only supports up to 266MHz RAM is not as good as the 266MHz DDR SDRAM PC2100.
SET UP
First, you must open the case and remember to wear a static or grounding ring to avoid damaging electronic components. Look on the motherboard, look for the RAM slot (probably the longest). Push the latches on the left side of the RAM slot and place the memory stick in the correct position, pressing both ends (so as not to damage or scratch electronic circuits) until you see two latches plug into two into the RAM bar. RDRAM installation is similar, but pair RDRAMs need to be installed in pairs and CRIMMs placed in the free slot to close the circuit. For SDRAM type, you will have to push the tilt.
TEST
Take a look at the amount of memory available when the system boots. If the difference, then check the position of the memory stick. If necessary, press the Pause / Break key to pause the startup screen.
When the system reports enough RAM and boot normally into Windows, you continue to run some applications and check that they are working properly; Incompatible RAM can cause crashes or freezes.
Nguyen Thanh Cong
Email: tcka8483@yahoo.com
VIDEO RAM (VRAM)
VRAM is based on FPGA (fast page mode) technology, with two ports instead of the usual one: a port for screen refresh. The other port outputs images to the screen. Thanks to this design, VRAM is more efficient than DRAM in video applications. However, because video chip consumption is less than the main memory chip, the price is still high. Thus, in some low-cost video card systems, conventional DRAMs can be used to reduce costs.
GRAPHIC DDR (GDDR)
GDDR (DDR graphics) is based on DDR SDRAM technology dedicated to graphics. After the DDR-II-based GDDR-2 version, ATI and NVIDIA have teamed up with memory vendors to deliver GDDR-3 versions with lower working voltage than GDDR-2. from 500MHz to 800MHz with the goal of reducing power consumption, increasing memory density and simplifying the heat dissipation solution.
WINDOW RAM (WRAM)
WRAM is another type of two-port memory that is used in graphics processing systems. Another VRAM, WRAM has a smaller display port and supports Extended Data Out (EDO).
SYNCHRONOUS GRAPHIC RAM (SGRAM)
SGRAM is a video-specific SDRAM with special read / write functionality. SGRAM allows access to and correction of data by volume instead of by unit, reducing the number of reads / writes of memory and increasing the performance of the graphics controller.
BASE RAMBUS AND CONCURRENT RAMBUS
Before it became the main memory technology, Rambus technology was used as a video memory. The Rambus memory technology used for main memory today is called Direct Rambus. The first two Rambus are Rambus and Concurrent Rambus for video applications in workstations and video game systems such as the Nintendo 64.
Duy Khanh
Kingston-The Ultimate Memory Guide
Improved memory
ENHANCED SDRAM (ESDRAM)
For increased speed and performance, standard memory modules can be integrated with additional SRAM (Static RAM) buffers directly on the chip. ESDRAM is an SDRAM that adds SRAM buffers to work with 200MHz frequency. Similar to the principle of external caching, DRAM also uses a SRAM buffer to store commonly used data, to shorten the DRAM access time. The advantage of SRAM on the chip is that it provides a more extensive bus route between SRAM and DRAM, and improves bandwidth and DRAM performance.
FAST CYCLE RAM (FCRAM)
FCRAM is co-developed by Toshiba and Fujitsu for servers, high-end printers and telecommunication switching systems. Memory is divided into multiple arrays and queue design should increase random access speed and reduce power consumption.
SYNCLINK DRAM (SLDRAM)
Currently obsolete, but SLDRAM was developed by the DRAM community to compete with Rambus in the late 1990s.
VIRTUAL CHANNEL MEMORY (VCM)
Developed by NEC, the VCM allows different memory blocks to communicate independently of the memory controller and with its own buffer. This allows each system task to be a separate unit, not shared or shared with other running tasks.
FLASH MEMORY
Flash memory is a type of memory that can be recorded, lost, stable, with the combined function of RAM and hard disk drive. Flash memory saves data as an electrical signal in a memory cell (similar to DRAM), but it is also capable of remembering power outages (like hard disks). Thanks to its low voltage, stable, high speed characteristics, flash memory is suitable for a wide variety of mobile applications such as digital cameras, digital camcorders, cell phones, printers, PDAs, pagers, digital recorder, MP3 player, GPS system.
Duy Khanh
Kingston-The Ultimate Memory Guide
